Tactile system for encoding mathematical and scientific notation
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called GS8. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called GS6.[1]
The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at Oregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician.
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable markup language. The syntax is based on the LaTeX system for scientific typesetting.[citation needed]
Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille
The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2 English Braille.[1]
Digits
Symbol | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Braille | ![⠬ (braille pattern dots-346)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Braille8_Dots-436.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-436.svg.png) | ![⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Braille8_Dots-16.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-16.svg.png) | ![⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Braille8_Dots-126.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-126.svg.png) | ![⠩ (braille pattern dots-146)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Braille8_Dots-146.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-146.svg.png) | ![⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Braille8_Dots-1456.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1456.svg.png) | ![⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Braille8_Dots-156.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-156.svg.png) | ![⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Braille8_Dots-1426.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1426.svg.png) | ![⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Braille8_Dots-14256.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14256.svg.png) | ![⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Braille8_Dots-1256.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1256.svg.png) | |
Apart from 0, this is the same as the Antoine notation used in French and Luxembourgish Braille.
Upper-case letters
GS8 upper-case letters are indicated by the same cell as standard English braille (and GS8) lower-case letters, with dot #7 added.
Symbol | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M |
Braille | ![⡁ (braille pattern dots-17)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Braille8_Dots-17.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-17.svg.png) | ![⡃ (braille pattern dots-127)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Braille8_Dots-127.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-127.svg.png) | ![⡉ (braille pattern dots-147)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Braille8_Dots-147.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-147.svg.png) | ![⡙ (braille pattern dots-1457)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Braille8_Dots-1457.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1457.svg.png) | ![⡑ (braille pattern dots-157)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Braille8_Dots-157.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-157.svg.png) | ![⡋ (braille pattern dots-1247)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Braille8_Dots-1427.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1427.svg.png) | ![⡛ (braille pattern dots-12457)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Braille8_Dots-14257.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14257.svg.png) | ![⡓ (braille pattern dots-1257)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Braille8_Dots-1257.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1257.svg.png) | ![⡊ (braille pattern dots-247)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Braille8_Dots-427.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-427.svg.png) | ![⡚ (braille pattern dots-2457)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Braille8_Dots-4257.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4257.svg.png) | ![⡅ (braille pattern dots-137)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Braille8_Dots-137.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-137.svg.png) | ![⡇ (braille pattern dots-1237)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Braille8_Dots-1237.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1237.svg.png) | |
Symbol | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
Braille | ![⡝ (braille pattern dots-13457)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Braille8_Dots-14537.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14537.svg.png) | ![⡕ (braille pattern dots-1357)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Braille8_Dots-1537.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1537.svg.png) | ![⡏ (braille pattern dots-12347)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille8_Dots-14237.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14237.svg.png) | ![⡟ (braille pattern dots-123457)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Braille8_Dots-142537.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-142537.svg.png) | ![⡗ (braille pattern dots-12357)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Braille8_Dots-12537.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12537.svg.png) | ![⡎ (braille pattern dots-2347)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Braille8_Dots-4237.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4237.svg.png) | ![⡞ (braille pattern dots-23457)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille8_Dots-42537.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42537.svg.png) | ![⡥ (braille pattern dots-1367)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Braille8_Dots-1367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1367.svg.png) | ![⡧ (braille pattern dots-12367)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Braille8_Dots-12367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12367.svg.png) | ![⡺ (braille pattern dots-24567)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Braille8_Dots-42567.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42567.svg.png) | ![⡭ (braille pattern dots-13467)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Braille8_Dots-14367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14367.svg.png) | ![⡽ (braille pattern dots-134567)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Braille8_Dots-145367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-145367.svg.png) | |
Compare Luxembourgish Braille.
Greek letters
Dot 8 is added to the letter forms of International Greek Braille to derive Greek letters:
Symbol | α | β | γ | δ | ε | ζ | η | θ | ι | κ | λ | μ |
Braille | ![⢁ (braille pattern dots-18)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Braille8_Dots-18.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-18.svg.png) | ![⢃ (braille pattern dots-128)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille8_Dots-128.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-128.svg.png) | ![⢛ (braille pattern dots-12458)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Braille8_Dots-14258.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14258.svg.png) | ![⢙ (braille pattern dots-1458)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Braille8_Dots-1458.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1458.svg.png) | ![⢑ (braille pattern dots-158)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Braille8_Dots-158.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-158.svg.png) | ![⢵ (braille pattern dots-13568)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille8_Dots-15368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-15368.svg.png) | ![⢱ (braille pattern dots-1568)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille8_Dots-1568.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1568.svg.png) | ![⢹ (braille pattern dots-14568)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Braille8_Dots-14568.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14568.svg.png) | ![⢊ (braille pattern dots-248)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Braille8_Dots-428.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-428.svg.png) | ![⢅ (braille pattern dots-138)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Braille8_Dots-138.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-138.svg.png) | ![⢇ (braille pattern dots-1238)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Braille8_Dots-1238.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1238.svg.png) | |
Symbol | ν | ξ | ο | π | ρ | σ | τ | υ | φ | χ | ψ | ω |
Braille | ![⢝ (braille pattern dots-13458)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Braille8_Dots-14538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14538.svg.png) | ![⢭ (braille pattern dots-13468)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Braille8_Dots-14368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14368.svg.png) | ![⢕ (braille pattern dots-1358)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Braille8_Dots-1538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1538.svg.png) | ![⢏ (braille pattern dots-12348)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille8_Dots-14238.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14238.svg.png) | ![⢗ (braille pattern dots-12358)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Braille8_Dots-12538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12538.svg.png) | ![⢎ (braille pattern dots-2348)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Braille8_Dots-4238.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4238.svg.png) | ![⢞ (braille pattern dots-23458)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Braille8_Dots-42538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42538.svg.png) | ![⢥ (braille pattern dots-1368)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Braille8_Dots-1368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1368.svg.png) | ![⢋ (braille pattern dots-1248)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Braille8_Dots-1428.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1428.svg.png) | ![⢯ (braille pattern dots-123468)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille8_Dots-142368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-142368.svg.png) | ![⢽ (braille pattern dots-134568)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Braille8_Dots-145368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-145368.svg.png) | |
Symbol | Γ | Δ | Θ | Λ | Ξ | Π | Σ | Υ | Φ | Ψ | Ω |
Braille | ![⣛ (braille pattern dots-124578)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Braille8_Dots-142578.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-142578.svg.png) | ![⣙ (braille pattern dots-14578)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Braille8_Dots-14578.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14578.svg.png) | ![⣹ (braille pattern dots-145678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Braille8_Dots-145678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-145678.svg.png) | ![⣇ (braille pattern dots-12378)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Braille8_Dots-12378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12378.svg.png) | ![⣭ (braille pattern dots-134678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Braille8_Dots-143678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-143678.svg.png) | ![⣏ (braille pattern dots-123478)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille8_Dots-142378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-142378.svg.png) | ![⣎ (braille pattern dots-23478)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Braille8_Dots-42378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42378.svg.png) | ![⣥ (braille pattern dots-13678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Braille8_Dots-13678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-13678.svg.png) | ![⣋ (braille pattern dots-12478)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Braille8_Dots-14278.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14278.svg.png) | ![⣽ (braille pattern dots-1345678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille8_Dots-1453678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1453678.svg.png) | |
Characters differing from English Braille
Symbol | Parentheses | Brackets | single quote | |
open | close | open | close | open | close | ? |
Braille | ![⢆ (braille pattern dots-238)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Braille8_Dots-238.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-238.svg.png) | ![⡘ (braille pattern dots-457)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Braille8_Dots-457.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-457.svg.png) | ![⣦ (braille pattern dots-23678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Braille8_Dots-23678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-23678.svg.png) | ![⣴ (braille pattern dots-35678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Braille8_Dots-53678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-53678.svg.png) | ![⣄ (braille pattern dots-378)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille8_Dots-378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-378.svg.png) | ![⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Braille8_Dots-3.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-3.svg.png) | |
ASCII symbols and mathematical operators
Symbol | " | $ | & | @ | \ | ^ | _ | ` | { | } | ~ |
Braille | ![⣒ (braille pattern dots-2578)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Braille8_Dots-2578.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-2578.svg.png) | ![⡼ (braille pattern dots-34567)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille8_Dots-45367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-45367.svg.png) | ![⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Braille8_Dots-14236.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14236.svg.png) | ![⢌ (braille pattern dots-348)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Braille8_Dots-438.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-438.svg.png) | ![⣡ (braille pattern dots-1678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Braille8_Dots-1678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1678.svg.png) | ![⡐ (braille pattern dots-57)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille8_Dots-57.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-57.svg.png) | ![⢂ (braille pattern dots-28)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Braille8_Dots-28.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-28.svg.png) | ![⣄ (braille pattern dots-378)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille8_Dots-378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-378.svg.png) | ![⣷ (braille pattern dots-1235678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Braille8_Dots-1253678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1253678.svg.png) | ![⣾ (braille pattern dots-2345678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Braille8_Dots-4253678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4253678.svg.png) | |
Symbol | # | % | * | + | / | < | = | > | × | · | ÷ |
Braille | ![⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Braille8_Dots-4536.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4536.svg.png) | ![⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Braille8_Dots-4253.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4253.svg.png) | ![⢜ (braille pattern dots-3458)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Braille8_Dots-4538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4538.svg.png) | ![⡒ (braille pattern dots-257)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Braille8_Dots-257.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-257.svg.png) | ![⣌ (braille pattern dots-3478)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Braille8_Dots-4378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4378.svg.png) | ![⢔ (braille pattern dots-358)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Braille8_Dots-538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-538.svg.png) | ![⣶ (braille pattern dots-235678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille8_Dots-253678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-253678.svg.png) | ![⡢ (braille pattern dots-267)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille8_Dots-267.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-267.svg.png) | ![⣂ (braille pattern dots-278)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Braille8_Dots-278.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-278.svg.png) | ![⢒ (braille pattern dots-258)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Braille8_Dots-258.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-258.svg.png) | |
Text symbols
Math and science symbols
Symbol | ~ | ≈ | ≡ | ∝ | |x| (abs. value) | ∞ | ∫ | line ∫ | closed ∫ |
Braille | ![⡶ (braille pattern dots-23567)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Braille8_Dots-25367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-25367.svg.png) | ![⢶ (braille pattern dots-23568)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Braille8_Dots-25368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-25368.svg.png) | ![⣿ (braille pattern dots-12345678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Braille8_Dots-14253678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14253678.svg.png) | ![⣤ (braille pattern dots-3678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Braille8_Dots-3678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-3678.svg.png) | ![⢳ (braille pattern dots-12568)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Braille8_Dots-12568.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12568.svg.png) | ![⢓ (braille pattern dots-1258)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Braille8_Dots-1258.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1258.svg.png) | ![⣮ (braille pattern dots-234678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Braille8_Dots-423678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-423678.svg.png) | ![⡮ (braille pattern dots-23467)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Braille8_Dots-42367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42367.svg.png) | |
Symbol | 〈 | 〉 | ∇ | ∂ | ... | → | ← | ○ | ℵ | ∈ | ⇌ |
Braille | ![⣪ (braille pattern dots-24678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Braille8_Dots-42678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42678.svg.png) | ![⣕ (braille pattern dots-13578)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille8_Dots-15378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-15378.svg.png) | ![⣩ (braille pattern dots-14678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Braille8_Dots-14678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14678.svg.png) | ![⢩ (braille pattern dots-1468)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Braille8_Dots-1468.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1468.svg.png) | ![⢤ (braille pattern dots-368)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braille8_Dots-368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-368.svg.png) | ![⡦ (braille pattern dots-2367)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Braille8_Dots-2367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-2367.svg.png) | ![⢴ (braille pattern dots-3568)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Braille8_Dots-5368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-5368.svg.png) | ![⢚ (braille pattern dots-2458)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille8_Dots-4258.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4258.svg.png) | ![⣱ (braille pattern dots-15678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Braille8_Dots-15678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-15678.svg.png) | ![⣑ (braille pattern dots-1578)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Braille8_Dots-1578.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1578.svg.png) | |
Markup
Symbol | Superscript | Subscript | Left-superscript | Left-subscript | Begin fraction | Denominator | End fraction | Over * |
Braille | ![⠔ (braille pattern dots-35)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille8_Dots-53.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-53.svg.png) | ![⠢ (braille pattern dots-26)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Braille8_Dots-26.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-26.svg.png) | ![⣔ (braille pattern dots-3578)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Braille8_Dots-5378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-5378.svg.png) | ![⣢ (braille pattern dots-2678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Braille8_Dots-2678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-2678.svg.png) | ![⠷ (braille pattern dots-12356)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille8_Dots-12536.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12536.svg.png) | ![⠌ (braille pattern dots-34)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Braille8_Dots-43.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-43.svg.png) | ![⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Braille8_Dots-42536.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42536.svg.png) | |
* Encodes the fraction-slash for the single adjacent digits/letters as numerator and denominator.
Symbol | √ | complex radicand * | displayed equation ** | math expressions ** | hyperlink ** |
Open | Close | Open | Close | Open | Close | Open | Close |
Braille | ![⢪ (braille pattern dots-2468)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Braille8_Dots-4268.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4268.svg.png) | ![⣆ (braille pattern dots-2378)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille8_Dots-2378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-2378.svg.png) | ![⣰ (braille pattern dots-5678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Braille8_Dots-5678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-5678.svg.png) | ![⣧ (braille pattern dots-123678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Braille8_Dots-123678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-123678.svg.png) | ![⣼ (braille pattern dots-345678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Braille8_Dots-453678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-453678.svg.png) | ![⣖ (braille pattern dots-23578)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille8_Dots-25378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-25378.svg.png) | ![⣲ (braille pattern dots-25678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Braille8_Dots-25678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-25678.svg.png) | ![⣖ (braille pattern dots-23578)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille8_Dots-25378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-25378.svg.png) | |
* Used for any > 1 digit radicand.
** Used for markup to represent inkprint text.
Symbol | Array | | | |
Begin | End | End element | End line | vert. stack | horiz. combo | superposition |
Braille | ![⢄ (braille pattern dots-38)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Braille8_Dots-38.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-38.svg.png) | ![⡠ (braille pattern dots-67)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Braille8_Dots-67.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-67.svg.png) | ![⡂ (braille pattern dots-27)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Braille8_Dots-27.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-27.svg.png) | ![⡆ (braille pattern dots-237)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Braille8_Dots-237.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-237.svg.png) | ![⡬ (braille pattern dots-3467)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Braille8_Dots-4367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4367.svg.png) | ![⣬ (braille pattern dots-34678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Braille8_Dots-43678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-43678.svg.png) | |
Symbol | Misc. Symbol * | | | Modifiers |
Begin | End | Quantity | Markup indicator | Inverted | Stroke/Not | Variant | Large |
Braille | ![⡄ (braille pattern dots-37)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Braille8_Dots-37.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-37.svg.png) | ![⡀ (braille pattern dots-7)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Braille8_Dots-7.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-7.svg.png) | ![⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille8_Dots-142536.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-142536.svg.png) | ![⡤ (braille pattern dots-367)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Braille8_Dots-367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-367.svg.png) | ![⣀ (braille pattern dots-78)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Braille8_Dots-78.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-78.svg.png) | ![⡌ (braille pattern dots-347)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille8_Dots-437.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-437.svg.png) | ![⢡ (braille pattern dots-168)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Braille8_Dots-168.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-168.svg.png) | |
Typeface indicators
Symbol | Script | Bold | Italic | Underline | Definable font 1 | Fractur | Roman | Underline |
Braille | ![⢈ (braille pattern dots-48)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Braille8_Dots-48.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-48.svg.png) | ![⢘ (braille pattern dots-458)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Braille8_Dots-458.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-458.svg.png) | ![⢨ (braille pattern dots-468)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Braille8_Dots-468.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-468.svg.png) | ![⢸ (braille pattern dots-4568)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Braille8_Dots-4568.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4568.svg.png) | ![⣈ (braille pattern dots-478)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Braille8_Dots-478.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-478.svg.png) | ![⣘ (braille pattern dots-4578)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Braille8_Dots-4578.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4578.svg.png) | ![⣨ (braille pattern dots-4678)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Braille8_Dots-4678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4678.svg.png) | |
Shape symbols
Set theory
References
- ^ a b "Index of Topics in Braille Section". Oregon State University Science Access Project Braille topics. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
- Blind physicist creates better Braille — a CNN news item, November 9, 1995
- The world of blind mathematicians — article in Notices of the AMS, November 2002
Braille cell | |
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Braille scripts | French-ordered | Nordic family | |
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Russian lineage family i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts | |
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Egyptian lineage family i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts | |
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Indian lineage family i.e. Bharati Braille | |
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Other scripts | |
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Reordered | |
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Frequency-based | |
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Independent | |
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Eight-dot | |
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Symbols in braille | |
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Braille technology | |
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People | |
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Organisations | |
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Other tactile alphabets | |
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Related topics | |
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